Hierarchical Inclusion is defined as a counting principle, sometimes it is also called a cardinal principle. The numbers are nested inside of each other and the number grows by one each count. For example, 10 is inside of 11 or is the same as 11 + 1. If you remove one, the number goes back to 10. Key Points Teacher needs to introduce Hierarchical inclusion as - Students understand other number sense concepts, such as part/whole relationships and compensation by the concept of Hierarchical inclusion, because a child cannot understand that 5 can be broken up into parts 4 and 1 without understanding that the number "5" contains 4 and 1. For example we have three numbers 3,4,5 3 4=3+1 5=4+1=3+1+1 Hence we can say that every preceding number is included in its succeeding number. Thus, if "The child mentally includes one in two, two in three, three in four, four in five so on and so forth" then Hierarchical inclusion will help a child to understand the quantification of the objects. Additional Information Equality is referred to the condition that ensures every individual has an equal opportunity to make the most of their lives and talents. It ensures equal rights for all. Normalization refers to the process of reorganizing data in a database so that it meets two basic requirements: There is no redundancy of data, and all data is stored in only one place.