The correct answer is All of the above. Key Points Urbanization: ​In the last two decades, many big cities have emerged as the world’s economic platforms for production, innovation, and trade in India. Urbanization has helped millions of people to escape from poverty through increased productivity, but it is not sufficient. Urbanization has also caused many Socio-Economic challenges due to:​ The sheer magnitude of the urban population. Unplanned growth of urban areas. A lack of infrastructure is also the main cause of such a situation. Existence of the unorganised sectors. Important Points Urbanization has also caused many Socio-Economic challenges due to:​ Overcrowding: The urban population of India had already crossed the 285 million mark by 2001. By 2030, more than 50 percent of India’s population is expected to live in urban areas. Poverty: Due to urban poverty Street vendors and people in other informal sectors, women, children, and the old age population will suffer most.