Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R Assertion A: A researcher has to observe codal formalities at all stages without scope and leeway for offending moral and ethical norms Reason R: In respect of data collection, data analysis and interpretation there is, however, a considerable scope of being ethically vulnerable In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below Correct Answer Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A Assertion: A researcher has to observe codal formalities at all stages without scope and leeway for offending moral and ethical norms. Explanation: There are a number of ethical principles that should be taken into account when performing research. At the core, these ethical principles stress the need to do good (known as beneficence) and do no harm (known as non-malfeasance). In practice, these ethical principles mean that a researcher needs to follow certain codal formalities such as obtain informed consent from potential research participants; minimize the risk of harm to participants; protect their anonymity and confidentiality; avoid using deceptive practices; and give participants the right to withdraw from your research. Thus, the assertion is correct. Reason: In respect of data collection, data analysis, and interpretation there is, however, a considerable scope of being ethically vulnerable. Explanation: Bias is any trend or deviation from the truth in data collection, data analysis, interpretation, and publication which can cause false conclusions. Bias can occur either intentionally or unintentionally. Intention to introduce bias into someone’s research is immoral. The quality of data collected depends on the ability of the interviewer and the seriousness of respondents. Due to time and physical limitations, there is usually a limit on the number of respondents. The correctness and accuracy of data analysis and interpretation also depend upon the authenticity of the data collected. Thus, in respect of data collection, data analysis, and interpretation there is, however, a considerable scope of being ethically vulnerable. The reason is correct. Thus, option 2 is the correct answer. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.