Anumana or Inference: This word is derived from two Sanskrit words, 'Anu' means after and 'Mana' means measurement. So it means measuring after something. Anumana is the knowledge after proof. Anumana is a means of knowledge or one of the six types of Pramans in Indian Philosophy. Gautama has classified anumana into three, Anumana Definition Puvovat anumana Here we infer the unperceived effect from a perceived cause. Example: After the appearance of the dark cloud, we can infer future rain Sesvat anuman Here we infer the unperceived cause from a perceived effect. Example: To infer rain in the past by perceiving muddy water in the pond Samanayatodrasta anumana Here we infer not based on causal relation but the experience of uniformity Example: To see the changing position of the moon we can infer about its motion Based on Vyapti, the inference can also be classified into three, Inference Definition Kevalanvayi In this anumana, vyâpti between the middle and the major term is derived from a uniform agreement in presence alone. Example: All knowable objects are nameable; The pot is a knowable object; Therefore the pot is nameable Kevalavyatireki In this anumana, vyapti between the middle and the major is derived from a uniform agreement in absence alone. Example: What is not different from other elements has no smell; The earth has a smell; Therefore the earth is different from other elements. Anvayavyatireki Here, the middle term in inference is both positively and negatively related to the major term. Example: All smoky objects are fiery; The hill is smoky; Therefore the hill is fiery. No non-fiery object is smoky; The hill is smoky Therefore the hill is not non-fiery; That is, the hill is fiery. Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.